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从后置定语到长难句,高考/四六级/雅思托福通用解析方法来了!

2026-01-20
英语考试长难句怎么学?接上篇的定语相关内容,今天学习的是后置定语。
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一般定语成分稍微复杂一点,都会放在名词的后面作后置定语

后置定语

后置定语里面比较难的结构(SXXXVO.)就是主语的后置定语分割了主谓。“XXX”可以是介词短语,形容词短语,动词不定式,现在分词,过去分词,和定语从句。
前面的5种形式,其实就是定语从句的省略。就是定语从句省略了关系代词,助动词,情态动词,系动词等没有实际意义的词留下来的成分。
例1.
The impact [of raindrops on the loose soil] tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.
【解析】
双重介词短语of raindrops on the loose soil主语the impact的后置定语,分割了主语the impact和谓语tends to transfer。
例2.
The incentive [of the farmers who wish to conserve water] is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.
【解析】
介词短语of the farmers和第二重定语从句作主语who wish to conserve water作the incentive的后置定语,分割了主语the incentive和谓语is reduced。
例3.
Baleen species [studied at close quarters underwater] — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air.
【解析】
动词的过去分词短语studied at close quarters underwater作主语Baleen species的后置定语,分割了主语Baleen species和谓语have obviously tracked objects。当然,双破号也起到了分割作用,使得该句子变得更难。
形容词短语,动词不定式,现在分词,过去分词等后置定语其实是后置定语从句省略了连接词和助动词、系动词等。这一点和状语从句改成伴随状语很类似。这句话补齐了其实就是:
Baleen species [that are studied at close quarters underwater] — specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii — have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air.
课堂练习:
Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves.
把该句话中的后置过去分词定语改为后置定语从句。
Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves.
例4.
Democrats attracted farmers [isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it], workers [alienated from the emerging industrial system], and rising entrepreneurs [who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves].
【解析】
注意:在这一句话里,有两个V+ed形式:attracted和isolated。如何确定哪一个是过去式作谓语动词,哪一个是过去分词作后置定语呢?其实主要看这两动词和前面名词的关系。
如果是主动关系,比如Democrats吸引farmers是主动的,就是动词的过去式作谓语。如果是被动关系,比如farmers被市场隔离,isolated在这里是被动,所以是过去分词作后置定语。这一点很多学生经常搞不清楚,所以是难点。
后置定语还有一种结构,XXX做宾语的后置定语:SVOXXX或SVO, XXX.这种情况一般对中国学生不构成障碍,“SVOXXX.”一般是O的核心词或最近的名词的后置后置定语(包括从句),需要配合意思来判断。
“SVO,XXX.”这种结构,绝大部分时候,XXX都是伴随状语。如果O是的时候,XXX也可以是O的非限制性后置定语,但是很多老外也搞不清楚,有些O不是的时候,也加了逗号,写成了“SVO,XXX.”这种形式。在笔者和ETS出题官交流的时候,特意问过这种结构如何出题,他们也说这一块美国人也比较迷糊,一般考点就默认为伴随状语。
这里再次强调一下:大家学习这本书主要是学会理解句子,而不是死磕语法成分。如果在托福或雅思中碰到了不符合我们说的语法(尤其是逗号的用法)的时候,可能结构太复杂了用逗号分割一下,也可能是表示强调,也可能是特殊情况,也可能是老外写错了。大家千万不要纠结,能拆解句子,能理解才是最终目的。在自己写作的时候,尽量避免语法错误即可。

后置定语的处理方法
定语从句之所以难就是因为其比较长,如果直接翻译,可能会造成理解上的障碍。处理方式就是把定语从句改为两个简单句。
例1.
Architecture employs methods that have changed little.
【解析】
可以改为architecture employs methods和methods have changed little 两个简单句即可。在改写从句的时候,把先行词直接替换关系词即可。拆分之后的两句意思其实不改变原文的意思,但是极其便于理解。尤其是在定语从句较长或者有几个定语从句的时候。
例2.
The skull is cetacean-like, but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.
【解析】
可以改为The skull is cetacean-like,, but its jawbones lack the enlarged space和the enlarged space is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales 两个简单句即可。在改写从句的时候,把先行词直接替换关系词即可。拆分之后的两句意思其实不改变原文的意思,但是极其便于理解。尤其是在定语从句较长或者有几个定语从句的时候
英语考试长难句怎么学?今天关于后置定语的部分干货大家get了吗?文章篇幅有限,关于限制性和非限制性定语从句的详细解说下期见哦,后续更多实用高考/四六级/雅思托福通用长难句解析方法》内容会持续更新,记得常来看看呀!
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