英语考试长难句怎么学?今天让我们走进如何快速识别句子主干?让解题效率和正确率双飙升?
掌握一套高考/四六级/雅思托福通用长难句解析方法,就等于手握了利器。小蒲将持续为您更新《英语考试长难句怎么学:高考/四六级/雅思托福通用长难句解析方法》系列文章,记得常来看看哦~一个句子的主要意思,一般存在于主干里面。因此,理解句子的本质就是能够快速找出并理解句子的主干。
何为主干?主干可以理解为由一个或几个含有主谓宾的简单句构成的句子。如何从纷繁复杂的长难句中找到主干,是我们理解托福与雅思长难句的第一步。那如何找句子的主干呢?一个句子可以没有宾语,甚至可以没有主语(祈使句),但是一定要有谓语动词。因此我们判断一个句子的成立与否,首先就是要找到句子里的谓语动词。再来复习一遍,谓语动词的三种形式:do, does, and did。抓主干的关键就是找到谓语动词,托福与雅思长难句里*常见的谓语动词有3种形式:动词原形,动词过去式,和动词的三单形式(详见《托福与雅思精讲精练30天》2.2)。主干一般包含主谓宾,至于主语从句和宾语从句,它们都属于名词性从句。主语从句在考试中出现的比较少,这里不专门论述。宾语从句,一般不对中国学生的理解构成障碍,且宾语从句里包含了丰富的信息,所以也把主语从句和宾语从句划为主干。如果一句话以名词或相当于名词的词或句子开始,它可能就是主语,这个时候要找到谓语动词,然后就可以确定主干。The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.从前往后读该句,句中tends是动词的三单形式,是谓语动词,可以和动词不定式to transfer一起做谓语。前面由名词The impact作主语,后面由名词短语fine clay particles构成宾语,故主谓宾凑齐,所以The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces是主干。难点在于主语名词impact之后又两个介词短语作后置定语,割裂了主语和谓语动词。The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.如果长难句以副词连接词开始且引导半个句子一般是状语从句,并且和主干之间一定会有逗号隔开(WASABI SVO, SVO.),可以跳过该半句,从后半句找主干。常见副词连接词WASABI:when、where、while、whereas、although、though、since、as、because、if、until、as soon as等。Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.从前往后读该句,由于逗号前的句子由副词连接词even though引导,所以该半句不能是主干,一般是状语从句(详见6.1.3)。跳过这半句,再往后读到谓语动词remains,是动词的三单形式,可以构成谓语,且前面有the basic difference这个名词作主语,故可以构成主干。该句主干为the basic difference remains relatively constant。Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.如果长难句结构是“XXX,SVO”,XXX一般是V+ing, V+ed,adj短语或prep短语开始且引导半个句子,且它们的逻辑主语和后面主干主语一致,则它们一般是伴随状语(详见《托福与雅思精讲精练30天》4.1.4)这些伴随状语其实就是状语从句的省略,一般和主干之间也会有逗号隔开,可以跳过该半句,从后半句找主干。长难句结构是“SVO,XXX”,XXX一般也是伴随状语,但这种结构一般不够成理解的障碍。Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces.从前往后读该句,由于逗号前的半句由V+ing,having引导,又和后面句子由逗号隔开,则跳过该半句,再往后读到谓语动词attributes,是动词的三单形式,可以构成谓语,且前面由代词it作主语,后面有名词词组both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces作宾语,故可以构成主干。该句主干为it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces。Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces.长难句还可以由并列连接词FANBOYS引导(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),或特殊标点符号如分号、冒号、或单破折号等连接的几个简单句子构成。这些句子之间可以根据连接词的逻辑关系相互推理或忽略,从而更加容易理解整个句子。注意:并列连词连接两句话(SVO, and SVO.),并列连词前必须有逗号。The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals.从前往后读该句,发现句子中有一个“:”,故该句子应该有两个完整的句子构成,因此应该有两个谓语动词。Appears和triggers都是动词的三单形式,都可以做谓语。Appears前有名词The hypothalamus 作主语,后有动词不定式短语to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern 作宾语。Triggers前有名词词组electrical stimulation作主语,后有名词词组stereotypical aggressive behaviors作宾语。因此主干为:The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern和electrical stimulation triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors.【答案】 The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals.部分长难句的主要意思不在主干,而在修饰成分里,尤其是在主干非常短的时候,比如含有同位语从句(详见《托福与雅思精讲精练30天》5.2.2)的句子等,句子的核心意思不在主干,而在同位语从句里面,要特别注意。There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage.该句主干为There is growing evidence in New Zealand。但是该句主干给出的意思相对比较少。主要意思在同位语从句that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage中,从句中给出的信息更详细,需要特别注意。 相信童鞋们通过以上例子的练习,已经对找主干有些感觉了吧。简单吧,不是吗?请再接再厉!英语考试长难句怎么学?今天关于抓句子主干的长难句干货大家get了吗?后续更多实用《高考/四六级/雅思托福通用长难句解析方法》内容会持续更新,记得常来看看呀!如果想更系统地吃透英语长难句,可别错过蒲公英《托福与雅思精讲精练30天》 !实体书+配套视频课+专属知识点练习答疑,一站式解决你的备考难题~有需要的小伙伴,联系课程顾问老师就能了解具体信息啦!✅ 告别繁琐语法,直击核心考点
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